The symptoms of common hand problems include lumps, deformities, loss of function, pain and sensory disturbances such as numbness or pins and needles. This article gives a brief overview of the most common hand disorders categorised according to the typical symptoms.

Shoulder pain is a common problem. Shoulder pain is commonly labeled ‘frozen shoulder’. But what is ‘frozen shoulder’? Is shoulder pain always frozen shoulders or are there other shoulder problems? How do we recognise a ‘true’ frozen shoulder? What is the treatment?

The spine needs to be both strong and flexible, and therefore consists of strong bones – the vertebrae – separated by flexible soft tissues – the intervertebral discs and facet joints...

What is Acetabular Dysplasia? Acetabular dysplasia is a condition in which the socket of the hip joint is too shallow, or facing the wrong way. It is part of the condition known as ‘Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip’ (DDH), which was previously known as ‘Congenital Dislocation of the Hip’ (CDH)...

ACL is the ‘Anterior Cruciate Ligament’ which is a vital part of the system that controls the complex gliding and bending movement of the knee which allow people to do everything from walking slowly to ballet and gymnastics, most ACL injuries are ‘noncontact’...

Ankle injuries are one of the most common sport related injury, from several different studies, it accounts from 11.2-20.8% 1 in different types of sports.

Idiopathic scoliosis accounts for 80-85 % of cases. The spine is normal at birth but develops a deformity in childhood. It can occur in toddlers and young children, but the majority of cases occur from age 10 to 15. Two to three percent of adolescents have scoliosis. Boy and girls are equally affected by small curves, but girls are eight times more likely to develop progressive curves.

Excessive sweating in the palms (palmar hyperhidrosis) is a common condition affecting about 1 to 4 % of the population. Unfortunately non-surgical means do not work very well, whereas open approach thoracic sympathectomy has not been popular due to its operational size...

Fractures of the collar bone (clavicle) are common and seen in all age groups. Most are due to a fall onto the shoulder. Clavicle fractures are divided into medial, mid-shaft and lateral fractures, in which mid-shaft are the most common (80%)...

Accurate diagnosis of back pain isn’t always easy. The human spine is very complex, so it can be difficult to pinpoint the exact cause of low back pain or other symptoms...

Femoro-Acetabular Impingement (FAI) is a condition in which the two bones which make up the hip joint pinch against each other, or ‘impinge’, at the extremes of motion, causing damage to the joint...

Articular cartilage is the white shiny covering over the ends of the bones in a joint – it is the substance which makes a joint a joint, rather than two pieces of bone rubbing together. Articular cartilage has unique mechanical properties, being very low friction, highly shock absorbing, an

Ankle injuries are common. Sprains are best treated by physiotherapy. Severe sprains may benefit from about 10 days with a cast. Minor (undisplaced) ankle fractures (breaks) can usually be treated with a cast/aircast. More severe fractures require operation to fix the fractures.

Congenital bow-legs or acquired lower-limb deformity bring severe impacts on one’s quality of life, without clinical intervention, the problem could worsen and hinder mobility significantly. The recent introduction of the application of 3D printing technology represents a major breakthrough in lower

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition due to compression of the median nerve as it travels through the wrist at the carpal tunnel. The main symptoms are pain, numbness, and tingling, in the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and the thumb side of the ring fingers.

The rotator cuff is the joined-up of tendon of four of the muscles which move the shoulder, mainly to control the stability and coordinated movement of the shoulder joint. Tears can vary hugely in severity from small partial thickness tears which may not cause any problems...

The ‘intervertebral discs’ are the shock absorbers between the bones of the spine. Unfortunately, they often degenerate – tearing, bursting, or just wearing out...

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is a chronic, degenerative, joint disease that affects mostly middle-aged and older adults. It is characterised by the breakdown of joint cartilage and adjacent bone...

Hallux Rigidus is describing the degeneration of the joint at the base of the big toe – called metatarsophalangeal, or MTP joint. It is the most common site of arthritis in the foot region. It is usually develops in adults at the ages between 30 and 60 years...

What is the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine? The Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) is a piece of bone just above the hip joint, which is the attachment of part of the rectus femoris muscle, one of the quadriceps muscles of the front of the thigh...

Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is a challenging condition affecting 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain, for which there is no standard long-term treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that historical and physical examination findings and radiological imaging are insufficient...

Usually patients complain of pain in one or both buttocks after sport. With time the pain becomes more constant, and it often becomes uncomfortable to sit. This article explains the diagnosis and different treatment options on proximal hamstring tendinopathies.

Biological Knee Replacement (BKR) involves repairing a badly damaged knee with natural tissues instead of replacing the entire knee with a metal and plastic Total Knee Replacement (TKR)...

A sprain is a tear of a ligament. Ligament tears can vary from very minor - a few fibres stretched - to complete tears of the entire ligament. The most common type of sprain is a lateral ankle sprain, where the ligaments on the outer part of the ankle joint are sprained...

Lumbar spinal stenosis most commonly causes cramping, pain or pins & needles in one’s legs; but it can also cause: back pain; loss of sensation in the legs; and sometimes problems with bladder or bowel function.

Arthritis is one of the most common causes of pain in the hip and various treatments are available for patients at difference stages. Patients who experience light pain are suggested to do physiotherapy. When the pain gets worse, injections might be required...

The menisci are two rubbery crescent moon shaped flat pieces of cartilage in each knee. The English colloquial term is ‘cartilage’, which can be confusing because the knee also contains articular cartilage...

Achilles tendinopathy refers to diseases of the Achilles tendon, which often caused by degenerative problems with combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This article will focus on non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy...

Cervical disc hernia with spinal cord or nerve root compression is a common disease. It is common in younger population including those without special risk factors. Surgical treatment has good outcomes if conservative treatment fail...

This provides information to patients on 'high' hamstring tendon ‘tears’ or ‘bone avulsions’, but not ‘tendinitis’ or ‘tendinopathy’. A ‘tear’ in this context usually means the tendon tears away from the bone. Sometimes the tendon pulls a piece of bone away, instead of tearing away from the bone...

What is the Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine? The Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS) is a piece of bone just above the hip joint, which is the attachment of part of the rectus femoris muscle, one of the quadriceps muscles of the front of the thigh...

Irreparable major meniscal tears pose a very difficult problem in the young and active patients who sustain these kinds of injuries. Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy, the most commonly used treatment option for meniscus tear creates substantial number of patients suffering the effect of...

There are numerous surgical treatment methods to foot & ankle illnesses, but many of them are replaced by minimally invasive surgery (MIS), for example, Percutaneous Distal Chevron Osteotomy to treat hallux valgus, Percutaneous Cheilectomy for hallux rigidus...

Idiopathic scoliosis accounts for 80-85 % of cases. The spine is normal at birth but develops a deformity in childhood. It can occur in toddlers and young children, but the majority of cases occur from age 10 to 15. Two to three percent of adolescents have scoliosis. Boy and girls are equally affect

Sacroiliac (SI) joint pain is a challenging condition affecting 15% to 25% of patients with axial low back pain, for which there is no standard long-term treatment. Recent studies have demonstrated that historical and physical examination findings and radiological imaging are insufficient...

Anterior Knee Pain – or pain at the kneecap - is a very common complaint. Most anterior knee pain is from the joint between the kneecap (patella) and the thigh bone (femur), known as the patellofemoral joint. This article looks at the assessment and treatment options of anterior knee pain.

Ankle injuries are one of the most common sports injuries, accounting for 10-20% of injuries in different sports. Ankle injuries can be divided into: soft tissue (ligamentous/joint capsule) injury, bone injury (fracture/contusion), or combined. Soft tissue injuries (ankle sprain) are...

Hallux valgus is the medical term for “bunions”, which refers to the abnormal angulation of the big toe towards the second toe.